On Waternet

Water wars!
They have been predicted since the 1970s. The Egyptian president Sadat, for instance, referred to water scarcity as "the only matter that could take Egypt to war again".
Since then, various indicators on water use and water availability demonstrate that water scarcity has increased — but these water wars did not happen. Even more, societies seemed to be quite resilient to the effects of water scarcity.

Nevertheless, this idea of water wars continues to live on in media reports and political discourses. For what purpose? For whose benefit? And who will be on the losing side? These are questions we would like to address with this website.

Our focus will be on two basins in politically very volatile regions: the Nile River Basin and the Jordan River Basin. We will bring together many facts and figures about water availability and water use, to have a better understanding of what water scarcity is about in these regions. Based on that analysis we will dissect the contradiction between the scarcity and security discourses, and actual water politics in these basins. We will look into issues that link water and development, and how governance of increasingly scarce water resources relates to conflict over access to and control over these resources. Especially when geopolitics enter the stage, and ideology and 'security' gets in the way of development.

Information on this site is organised in three main sections: the Nile River Basin, water politics in the Jordan River Basin and a more worldwide context of international water resources. You can explore them using the menu on top of the page.

Enjoy the website!

The contradiction of 'development' and 'security'

Below, we discuss the context of the website.

Water doesn't care about political or administrative borders. It only obeys to gravity, flowing from high to low, along pathways that are shaped over the centuries. From a hydrological point of view, there is only one border that really matters: the line that separates watersheds.
But watersheds and political borders are a curious combination. Political borders cut up a natural system into sections that can be 'owned' and become property. Often, this happens according to the principle of "What is mine, is not thine". Drawing such administrative lines on maps makes it more difficult to manage water resources as a whole, interconnected system. Governance of a water body risks to become fragmented, often contradictive and competitive - allways sub-optimal -, affecting every inhabitant in the basin in some way or another. When this is the case, as a state - and thus and being responsible for the welfare and wellbeing of your citizens - you then have to come up with a credible explanation on why the best possible governance of water resources and optimal water services can't be achieved. 'Water scarcity' is then often used as a good excuse for bad governance. 

When states compete over scarce water resources, 'national security' often pops up as a major concern. Water then gets politicized - 'securitized' - and becomes a source for division rather than something that brings neighbours together. As national security and ideology are closely linked, it will then be increasingly difficult for states to join efforts to overcome the challenges of good water governance - for the wellbeing of all of their people.
I am not saying that the water issue is something that can be solved with a technical approach, just needs some engineering and technology to fix it. On the contrary, water is most political, as it is key to development - and other soft political concepts like equitability, needs, wellbeing, justice. And therefore incompatible with hard politics, power, threat and dominance.

Water is extremely securitised in the Middle East and the Nile River Basin. Historical and present tensions over water resources gave birth to the discourse of 'water conflicts' and 'rivers of fire', images that popular media are eager to adopt. Because on the face of it, violent interstate competition over scarce water resources doesn't seem so strange in the context of the Middle East with all its military conflicts and continuous political tensions between states. So why shouldn't water scarcity add fuel to the fire in the Israeli-Arab conflict, or spark something more dangerous among Turkey, Kurds, Saudi Arabia or Iran in the Great Game of the Persian Gulf?
Past experiences demonstrate that cooperation is however more likely to happen than open and violent conflict over water. Even now, with tensions rising over between Egypt and Sudan on one side and Ethiopia on the other over dams on the Nile, adversaries still sit together in the conference rooms of the Nile Basin Initiative.

Read more:

• Article: Security as a threat to development in the Nile River Basin
• Article: Israeli water policy in a regional context of conflict

Water and war in Gaza

In Gaza, we see that water is now being used as weapon by the Israeli army, in its effort of ethnic cleansing. Intentionally damaging water infrastructure and denying Palestinians access to their water resources violate international humanitarian law, but it is common practice in Palestine for more than 58 years.

Read more …

World water day 2025 "Glacier preservation"

Glaciers are critical to life. For billions of people, mountain meltwater is essential for drinking water and sanitation, food and energy security, and the integrity of the environment.
But today, as the world warms, glaciers are melting faster than ever, making the water cycle more unpredictable and extreme. And because of glacial retreat, floods, droughts, landslides and sea-level rise are intensifying, with devastating consequences for people and nature.

Global reductions in carbon emissions and local strategies to adapt to shrinking glaciers are essential to preserve life on earth as we know it.

Read more in the UN World Water Development Report 2025